It is concluded that CSE is an important but underappreciated process in semiarid regions and needs to be accounted for in land degradation assessments as it has substantial impacts on agricultural productivity and sustainable development in regions with sandy and/or loess-covered surfaces. The CSLE and RWEQ do not facilitate a direct assessment of the interactions between wind and water erosion, so we use these equations here only to derive estimates of the relative contributions of wind erosion and water erosion to total soil erosion and the actual mechanisms controlling the interactions between wind and water erosion require further field investigation. The habitats mainly consisted of photosyntetic organisms, such as kelp and coralline algae. Land subject to CSE-erod is predominantly distributed around the margins of those areas that experience wind erosion and water erosion independently. A group of researchers at NTNU, Trondheim Norway, has conducted a pilot study where a hyperspectral sensor developed by Ecotone was used for mapping shallow-water habitats. The alpine treeline ecotone is defined as a forest-grassland or forest-tundra transition boundary either between subalpine forest and treeless grassland, or between subalpine forest and treeless. According to minimum threshold values for mild erosion, we identify water-erod, wind-erod, and CSE-erod land as occurring across 41.41%, 13.39%, and 27.69% of the total area, while mean soil erosion rates for water-erod, wind-erod, and CSE-erod land were calculated as 6877.65 t km −2 yr −1, 1481.47 t km −2 yr −1, and 5989.49 t km −2 yr −1, respectively. Journal of Resources and Ecology publishes current research in natural resource studies and ecology across a broad range of interdisciplinary topics. In this paper, we use the Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) and the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) to calculate the rate of soil erosion and map the distribution of three types of soil erosion classified as (i) wind (wind-erod), (ii) water (water-erod), and (iii) CSE (CSE-erod) for the study area that spans more than 400,000 km 2 of sand- and loess-covered northern China. air temperatures across four gradual and two abrupt treelines ecotones in New Zealand for 2 years. CSE may occur in situations where wind more effectively erodes a surface already subject to water erosion, where rainfall impacts a surface previously exposed by wind erosion, or where material already deposited by wind is subject to water erosion. New Zealand Journal of Ecology (2014) 38(1): 12- 25.
Most researchers identify soil erosion by wind and water as independent processes, and there is a lack of research regarding the relative contributions of wind and water erosion and the interactions between them in what is referred to here as compound soil erosion (CSE). It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems). Land degradation induced by soil erosion is widespread in semiarid regions globally and is common in the agro–pastoral ecotone of northern China. An ecotone is a transition area between two biological communities, where two communities meet and integrate.
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